A Guide to Flying in Snow Safely

What is Flying in Snow?

Flying in snow refers to operating an aircraft during snowfall, which can significantly impact visibility and aircraft performance. On aircrafts, snow can accumulate on critical surfaces like wings and control surfaces, affecting lift, control, sensors, and engine intakes. Pilots and operators must take extra precautions during winter by undertaking measures such as de-icing before takeoff and relying on Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) to navigate safely in low visibility conditions caused by snow.

Importance of Winter Safety Regulations for Pilots

Practicing extra safety when flying in snow is essential because the reduced visibility and slippery runway conditions increase the likelihood of accidents during takeoff and landing. Snow and ice can disrupt the aircraft’s aerodynamics, making it harder to maintain control, particularly in critical phases of flight. Additionally, the potential for engine icing and obscured instruments requires pilots to be vigilant and ensure all systems are functioning properly before and during the flight.

For these reasons, it has become necessary to have specific winter-related safety regulations for pilots and aircraft operators to comply with. There are now also specific training programs that aim to educate aircraft users on best practices for safe flying in snow.

Laws and Regulations

Operating an aircraft in snowy conditions is governed by specific regulations to ensure safety. Each region has their own laws that aircraft operators need to adhere to, but most of these are based on the US standards for flying in snow. One of which is  the US Code of Federal Regulations 14 CFR § 91.527, which states that pilots are prohibited from taking off when frost, ice, or snow is adhering to critical parts of the airplane, such as propellers, windshields, wings, and control surfaces. Additionally, flying into known or forecasted icing conditions is restricted unless the aircraft is equipped with functioning deicing or anti-icing equipment that protects essential components.

Relatedly, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) emphasizes the importance of thorough pre-flight planning during winter weather. Pilots are advised to check for the latest weather updates, ensure proper deicing procedures are followed, and confirm that all anti-icing systems are operational. The Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) also provides guidance on cold weather operations, highlighting the need for increased vigilance and adherence to safety protocols when flying in snowy conditions.

On an international level, there is the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), who sets global standards for aviation safety, including operations in adverse weather conditions. One of the relevant notifications is SNOWTAM, a special type of Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) that informs pilots about snow, sleet, slush, or icing conditions at airports that may affect flight and passenger safety. This must be issued by airport authorities and is valid for a maximum of 24 hours, as this ensures pilots updated of current runway conditions in a timely manner.

Safety Measures for Flying in Snow

There are various safety hazards and risks associated with flying in snow, which is why it’s critical for organizations to practice extra safety during the winter seasons. Aside from paying close attention to laws and regulations, building a comprehensive and customized safety plan for flying in snow is critical. To help get started, here are a few critical safety measures for flying in snow to keep in mind:

Thorough Pre-Flight Inspection

A thorough pre-flight inspection ensures the aircraft is free of ice, snow, or frost on critical surfaces like wings, tail, and control surfaces, which can disrupt aerodynamics. Pilots must also verify that de-icing and anti-icing systems are operational and properly serviced and maintained. This step reduces the risk of performance degradation and ensures the aircraft is in optimal condition for the flight.

Weather Briefing

Obtaining a comprehensive weather briefing provides vital information about snow, wind, and icing conditions along the planned route. Pilots use this data to make informed decisions about the feasibility of the flight and necessary precautions. Staying updated on forecasts ensures preparedness for changing conditions.

De-Icing Procedures

De-icing procedures involve removing existing ice or snow from the aircraft’s surfaces, typically using heated fluids or mechanical methods. Anti-icing measures may also be applied to prevent reaccumulation during taxiing and takeoff. These steps are crucial for maintaining lift and control during critical phases of flight.

Taxiing and Takeoff Precautions

When taxiing in snow, pilots should move slowly to maintain control and avoid sliding on icy surfaces. During takeoff, they must use proper engine power settings and remain alert for reduced traction or poor visibility. Adhering to these precautions minimizes the risks of runway incidents.

In-Flight Monitoring

In snowy conditions, in-flight monitoring involves constant vigilance for signs of icing on wings, engines, or sensors. This is best done with Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices alongside digital solutions. Pilots must also monitor weather updates and adjust their route if conditions worsen. Using anti-icing systems and maintaining situational awareness ensures safe navigation.

Emergency Preparedness

Emergency preparedness includes having a plan for diverting to alternate airports if snow conditions become too hazardous. Pilots must be ready to handle icing encounters, engine failures, or other emergencies related to winter weather. Regular training and proper equipment enhance the ability to respond effectively.